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Newcomer Tips and Information

After you arrive, you will be faced with numerous tasks and challenges as you begin your journey in Canada. There will be moments when you will be confused and overwhelmed, but you should know that you can easily find ways to get guidance and support. Remember that 250,000 other immigrants go through the exact same things as you each year. If they can do it, so can you!

  • 1. Ask for Help 

    There are many programs and organizations designed to serve new immigrants. You should take advantage of their services in order to speed up your integration, make friends, and maximize your chances of finding employment.
    Your first step would be to contact an immigrant services organization. They can help you find a place to live, enroll your child in school, find a family doctor, look for a job, get language training, and access other services and programs for immigrants.
    If you wish, your immigrant services organization can enroll you in a host program, where you are matched with a Canadian person or family who can help you practice your language skills, participate in community activities, and get a better knowledge of your city.

  • 2. Get Language Training

    Knowing English (or French in some parts of Canada) is one of the most important aspects of settling successfully in Canada. If you need language training, there are free English as a Second Language (ESL) and French as a Second Language (FSL) courses available to newcomers.
    Free ESL courses are often referred to as Language Instruction for Newcomers to Canada (LINC) or English Language Services for Adults (ELSA). Funded by the government and offered through immigrant services organizations, they offer free training for immigrants who need basic English or French. They have flexible study schedules, and you can even get transportation and child care.
    Enhanced Language Training (ELT) addresses newcomers who need a higher level of English or French and job-specific language training. They also provide mentoring, cultural orientation classes, preparation for licensure exams, and work placement.
    Without learning the languages of Canada (i.e ., English or French), you will face isolation and increased challenges. Practice English or French as much as you can, by reading and talking to native speakers. Make a point to speak English or French for at least six hours a day, if you want dramatic improvement in a short time. Go to free ESL or FSL classes, get a tutor (there are many Canadian students who provide language classes for a reasonable price), watch Canadian television, or listen to the radio in English or French and repeat the words. Don't discard the old-fashioned way of using a grammar book and doing exercises. Language is your first ticket to success, and everything else depends on it.

  • 3. Find a Place to Rent

    Finding a good place to rent in a new city can be very stressful, especially if you are staying at a hotel and don't want to spend too much on temporary accommodation. You can rent an apartment by the month, but most places will ask for a lease of at least six months. 
    The best place to search for a rental is in the local newspaper or on the Internet on sites such as craigslist.org or kijiji.ca. Most ads will have photos and detailed descriptions of the living conditions. You could also buy a public transit day pass and visit various residential neighbourhoods where you will likely see posters in front of some apartment buildings advertising rentals. If you like the location, you can call the number on the poster and set up an appointment with the building manager.
    There are many types of rentals: apartments, houses, condominiums (condos), shared housing, co-ops, and low-income housing. Most newcomers rent an apartment as their first home in Canada. Some apartment buildings have a gym, a pool, underground parking, a courtyard, and shared laundry facilities. Most apartments for rent are empty, but some buildings offer furnished apartments as well (usually short-term rentals). You have to keep the furnishings in the same condition as they were at the time you rented the place. Condominiums are privately owned apartments and are likely to cost more and have better living conditions.
    Renting a house can be a good option if you have a large family, but you should expect the rent to be higher. You can also rent a suite in a house. If you are single, sharing rent can be a good way to save money and meet new people.
    Low-cost housing is subsidized by the provincial government, but there is usually a waiting list, and sometimes this option is available only to those who have been in Canada for at least one year.
    Don't be shy to ask questions about the safety of various locations. Ask the hotel staff, the building managers - you can even strike up conversations with random people at coffee shops or on the bus. When visiting an apartment building, ask if it has security at night, if the hallways have video surveillance, and if the road to the nearest public transit connection is well lit. Check the lock at the doors and windows to see if they are in proper condition; if they are broken, it's a big red flag that the building is poorly managed. You can also find information on the internet about the crime level in various neighbourhoods.
    Keep in mind that you have the right to ask any questions you think are necessary and that no one can pressure you into renting a home you don't like. Also, know that you cannot be denied a rental based on your ethnicity, colour, creed, gender, age, or disability.
    If you are not planning to buy a vehicle right away, it is very important to be close to public transit and to be able to walk home safely from the nearest bus stop or subway station.
    Check how close you are to grocery stores, multicultural centres, and schools (if you have children). Some neighbourhoods may look great, but it can be difficult to live there without a vehicle.
    Calculate what other costs you will have to pay in addition to your rent. Some buildings offer the water and heating included in the cost of the rent, but you will still have to pay for other utilities such as electricity, cable, internet, parking, storage and other facilities, depending on the situation.
    Ask what the consequences are in case you wish to move out before your lease expires. Do you have to pay a penalty, or is it enough to give a notice and, if so, how far in advance?
    Make sure you understand the building rules. Many buildings do not allow pets or smoking inside the apartments, and some have strict policies regarding visitors and parties. 
    Once you have decided on a place to rent, you will have to sign a rental agreement. Read it carefully before you sign it and make sure you understand all the terms. If you are not confident in your language abilities, you can ask for help from an immigrant services organization.
    Many buildings ask for a damage or security deposit when you first move in, which can be half the cost of a month's rent or more. When you move out, the security deposit will be returned to you, if you have not caused any significant damage to the premises. Ask what changes you are allowed to make inside the home (e.g. repainting, changing the carpets, installing certain appliances) and how that affects your security deposit.
    In some provinces, such as Ontario, it is illegal to ask a tenant for a security deposit. However, owners in Ontario can ask a new tenant to pay what is called "last month's rent," but they must pay you back yearly interest for the sum and they cannot use it to compensate for damages.
    If you plan to make a serious investment in furnishing your apartment, it is a good idea to purchase household insurance from a private company in case of fire or theft.

  • 4. Buy a Home

    Few people are lucky enough to be able to pay for a house in cash. This means that if you want to buy a house, you will have to get a mortgage. In order to do so, you have to give yourself a year to establish a credit history in Canada. In this time, you can study the real estate market and the locations you like and plan your future investment in detail. Don't think only of the cost of the house itself; take into account the legal fees, maintenance, insurance, and property tax.
    If you are ready to buy a house, take some time to check if the location is convenient and safe, if the property has all the features you need, has a good resale value, and is in good condition. You can hire an independent home inspector to check for hidden problems. Many sellers and real estate agents use strategies such as home staging (i.e. arranging the house and yard in an appealing way), sometimes to distract the buyer from certain serious flaws the property might have. A professional inspector can see through such marketing tricks and point out the real issues of the home. This can prevent you from making a bad investment, or it can help you negotiate a better price.
    Before you start negotiating, it is best to get a credit check, speak to a financial adviser, and secure a pre-approved mortgage. You want to know what you can afford and make sure that your mortgage will not be more than 30 percent of your income.

  • 5. Apply for a Social Insurance Number

    Without a Social Insurance Number (SIN), you will not be able to get a job, open a bank account, or obtain your tax credits. You should apply for it within a few days of arriving in Canada. You will receive a card with the SIN number on it. Take good care of it and do not give away your SIN number unless it is necessary (i.e. when getting a job, opening a bank account, or applying for credit).
    To apply, go to your nearest Service Canada centre (www.service canada.gc.ca). If your SIN card gets lost or stolen, to avoid identity theft, contact Service Canada immediately. Do not carry your SIN card with you (or your birth certificate or passport), unless you need it for a specific purpose. 

  • 6. Start Your Job Search

    You will need a telephone number, especially when you start looking for a job. You can buy a cell phone on a monthly plan or with prepaid credit, and you can also have a landline installed. Telephone companies often offer bundles with telephone and Internet at a lower price than if you purchase them separately. It's important to have easy access to the Internet as you begin your job search, so having a small computer at home with Internet access is ideal.
    Looking for a job in Canada may not be as easy as you imagined. There are many barriers that newcomers face, including a lack of "Canadian experience," a lack of understanding of Canadian corporate culture, poor language skills, a lack of appropriate soft skills in addition to technical skills, and more.
    One of the most important things you will need to do is create a Canadianized resume. There are many free workshops through immigrant services organizations that can help you not only create a resume and cover letter, but better understand other job search strategies, including networking, mentoring, retraining, and having your foreign credentials assessed.
    If you're in a licensed profession such as a nurse, engineer, or doctor, finding a job takes a backseat to getting your Canadian licence to practice. Such professions have licensing boards in each province and territory. An online tool provided by the Government of Canada is the Job Bank, also known as "Working in Canada," which can help you find the appropriate board for your profession (http://www.jobbank.gc.ca/ home-eng.do?lang=eng). You can also refer to Nick Noorani's website, Prepare for Canada (http://www.prepareforcanada.com/ category/career-pathways/). 

  • 7. Apply for Health Care

    One of the first things you should do when you arrive in Canada is apply for a health insurance card. This way, you will not have to pay directly for most health- care services. You will pay for the services through your taxes and, in some provinces, through a monthly premium. Each family member needs to have their own health card.
    In most provinces, newcomers have to wait three months to receive their health card, starting from the date their application is received. Until you receive the card, you can purchase temporary health insurance from a private company. Refugee claimants and refugees in need can access emergency and essential health-care services, which are covered by the Interim Federal Health Program.
    You can find the health card applications forms at the following places: Doctor's office, Immigrant services organizations, Hospitals, Pharmacies, Provincial ministry responsible for health.
    After you receive your health card, you should find a family doctor. You can ask for a list of local family doctors at your immigrant services organization, find them in the Yellow Pages, or you can walk into a family doctor's office and ask if it receives new patients. Most will not be accepting new regular patients as there is a shortage of family doctors in Canada.
    If you need health care and you have not found a doctor yet, or if you cannot wait for an appointment with your family doctor, you can go to a walk-in clinic. Such clinics offer services for minor emergencies without an appointment and some are even open during evenings and weekends. You can find them in the Yellow Pages, under "Clinics." Also, you can get help for emergencies at your local hospital.
    In Canada, children have to be immunized against certain infectious diseases. You should discuss this with your doctor and see if your family members have had all the required vaccines. You may need to provide a vaccination record to your children's school when you register them.
    If you were told, during the medical exam you underwent for your residence application, that you need a follow-up exam when you arrive in Canada, you must report by telephone to the local health authority within 30 days of arriving. This happens when an applicant has an inactive infectious disease. The number of local health authorities can be found in the Blue Pages of the telephone book.
    If you are pregnant, you should know that all working mothers in Canada have the right to maternity leave. If you need more information about this, contact a Service Canada centre or your local provincial or territorial ministry responsible for labour. Also, you can get valuable prenatal and postnatal guidance from your local hospital or community service centre.

  • 8. Emergency Services

    In most Canadian cities, the emergency number is 911. You can call this number, or go to the emergency room of your local hospital. If your community does not have 911 services, dial 0 and ask the operator for help.
    If you call 911, you will reach an operator who will ask you a few questions and then send you the appropriate help (i.e. paramedics, ambulance, fire department, police). Be prepared to give your address and describe the type of emergency and the condition of the injured person. It is crucial to stay as calm as possible; the sooner you give the operator all the needed information, the sooner you will get assistance. Follow the operator's instructions and wait for help to arrive.
    Many people keep emergency lists next to their telephone, or add emergency numbers in the telephone memory.
    If you have allergies, diabetes, high blood pressure, or any other serious medical conditions, ask your doctor about MedicAlert tags or bracelets (www.medicalert.ca). In case of a medical emergency, MedicAlert will help doctors in giving you the right treatment.

  • 9. Enroll Your Children in School

    You can register your child at the local school or at the board office. To find the local school board, ask your immigrant services organization or access the website of the Ministry of Education in your province or territory.
    When you register your child, you must bring the following documents: Permanent Resident Card, Record of Landing (IMM 1000), or Confirmation of Permanent Residence (IMM 5292), Child's birth certificate, Child's vaccination records, Child's previous school records, translated into English or French.
    Your child may get tested on mathematics and language so that he or she can be placed in the right grade. If the school decides that the child needs additional language training, he or she may be placed in an English as a Second Language (ESL) class.
    If the school is not easily accessible by walking or public transit, your child may be able to travel to class in a bus provided by the school, for free or at a very low cost. For higher education, contact the college or university of your choice and ask for details. If you haven't decided on one, you can ask for advice at your immigrant services organization.

  • 10. Open a Bank Account and Get Credit

    It is recommended to open a bank account soon after you arrive in Canada. Opening an account is free, but there may be a cost to maintain it. When you get a job, you can ask your employer to deposit your salary directly into your bank account.
    When choosing a bank, take into account its services, fees, hours of operation, and location. Meet with a bank representative and discuss what type of account would be best for you. You will have to bring identification and provide proof of where you live (you can bring your rental agreement or a bill). You can ask to have access to online banking. It will make it easier to pay your bills and check your bank balance.
    Getting a credit card is very useful. It will help you establish a credit history and make online payments. However, without a job and an existing credit history, you will, most likely, be required to leave a deposit for a minimum of one year. You can also get a credit card at some stores. Establishing a credit history is very important because you will need it when you want to obtain a mortgage or another type of loan. Your credit history will be recorded by one of the three major credit bureaus: Equifax, Experian, or TransUnion. Every time you use your credit, the information will be sent to these bureaus. You are entitled to get free reports of your credit history; just contact each of the three bureaus and ask for a copy of your credit report.

  • 11. Get Around on Transit

    To use public transit, you will have to purchase tickets or a monthly pass. You can purchase tickets in advance, in groups of ten, or you can pay as you travel. Keep in mind that you will need exact change when buying a ticket on the bus. If you bought tickets in advance, you still need to validate them when you board the bus. On the back of the ticket, the machine will print the period for which it is valid (usually 90 minutes); during this period, you can use the same ticket to board different buses, or to switch from the bus to subway.
    In larger cities areas are divided into different zones so the ticket prices may differ depending on whether you travel within one zone or across zones. If you have a one-zone ticket and wish to travel to another zone, you will be asked to pay the price difference when boarding the bus.
    Bus stops will have panels showing which buses stop there and their destination. Many bus stops will also post the transit schedules. If you want to know the schedule of a certain bus or how to get from one place to another, you can access the website of your local transit company. 

  • 12. Driving in Canada

    While you may be able to use your foreign driver's licence for the first few months in Canada, you will, eventually, have to get a Canadian licence. Contact your local motor vehicle issuer to learn how to get licensed.
    All vehicles in Canada must be insured. The insurance costs will vary according to the type of vehicle you drive and your driving record.
    You will need to take a road test and a knowledge test on driving rules. Road safety is extremely important. Make sure you learn Canadian traffic safety rules very well, to avoid accidents, fines, high insurance costs, or the loss of your licence. You may even consider getting a few private driving lessons, especially if you haven't driven in a long time.
    Here are a few tips on Canadian traffic safety: Take into account the weather, Stay within the posted speed limits, Never drink and drive, Respect emergency vehicles (pull to the side of the road when police cars, fire trucks, and ambulances need to pass and slow down when they are parked on the side of the road with their lights flashing), Wear your seatbelt, Yield to school buses; stop when you see red lights flashing on a school bus - this means that children are getting on or off the bus and they may be crossing the street, Use appropriate infant and child car seats, Respect parking signs, Never ever leave the scene of an accident; call the police to report the accident & request an ambulance (if necessary) and exchange insurance information with the other driver.

  • 13. Protect Your Identity

    Identity theft is a very serious, and, unfortunately, very common crime. A criminal who has access to your personal information can use it to buy goods at your expense or open bank accounts in your name. If any identification documents get lost or stolen, report them immediately and ask for replacements.
    You should also be careful with what you throw away (e.g. bank statements, credit card bills, pre-approved credit card applications) because identity thieves use local dumps to fish for information. Use a shredder to get rid of such documents once you don't need them anymore. If your credit cards get lost or stolen, call your bank or credit card company and cancel them immediately.

  • 14. Apply for Benefits

    It's no one's ideal scenario, but if your income is not enough to cover the needs of your family, you can apply for assistance until the situation improves.
    Families with children younger than 18 can apply for the Canada Child Tax benefit. This is a monthly tax-free payment and it is based on factors such as the number of children you have, their ages, your income, and your province or territory of residence. To obtain the Canada Child Tax benefit, you need to file an income tax return each year. If you haven't been in Canada long enough to file a tax return, you need to file a separate form to declare your world income. You will have to provide proof of your immigration status and proof of birth for any of your children born outside Canada.
    Another option for families with modest incomes is applying for the GST/HST credit. This credit helps you offset all or part of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) or Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) that you pay. To be eligible, you have to be older than 19 and a resident of Canada; if you are younger than 19, you need to be a parent or to have a spouse or common-law partner. You can get the Credit Application for Individuals Who become Residents of Canada (Form RC151) for the GST/HST credit by calling the Canada Revenue Agency or visiting the website (www.cra.gc.ca).
    Also, take advantage of the various programs offered to the unemployed or underemployed. They can help steer your career on the right path and can give you valuable opportunities to network.

Cost of Living in Canada

The cost of living can vary greatly from one Canadian city to another. The most significant variable is for housing (rent or mortgage payments), which is the biggest monthly expense you will have.

  • 1. Renting or Buying a Home

    Typical rent for a bachelor apartment can go from $700 to $2,000 in a big city and from $500 to $800 in a small town, depending on the location and living conditions. Many apartment complexes include utilities such as water and heat in the price of the rent, while electricity, cable, and phone bills are your responsibility. An average electricity cost would be around $80 per month.
    Most rental apartment buildings require a lease for a minimum of six months and a security deposit, which is normally half the monthly rent. Also, they often do not take cash or credit. You can pay with a cheque, debit card, or money order.
    Downtown rents tend to be more expensive due to the convenient central location. Outlying areas often have more affordable rents and better living standards (e.g. bigger apartments, more parks and playgrounds, and inexpensive shopping venues), but longer commutes into the city.
    In addition to a typical apartment rental, you may also be able to rent a private suite in a house, a whole house, town home, or a room in a house with a shared kitchen and bathroom. These rentals are typically offered by individual owners, rather than management companies, who handle most apartment complex rentals. There may be more flexibility if you rent from an individual, but you still have all the same tenant rights and responsibilities as any other renter. Each province and territory has its own tenancy rules and guidelines, which can be found on housing ministry websites.
    If you decide to buy a house, things are more complicated and more expensive. Housing prices in Canada vary across the country, with the most expensive homes found in Greater Vancouver, followed by other big cities such as Toronto. The least expensive housing is found in the Prairies and northern parts of the country.
    Most Canadians get a mortgage loan from a bank, which requires a substantial down payment.
    Even with a down payment, in order to obtain a loan, you first need to establish a credit rating (which proves to the bank that you are able to pay back the loan). In most cases, immigrants have to wait a year before they establish a good credit rating in Canada and can access a mortgage loan.
    Other expenses related to owning a house are property tax and household insurance.

  • 2. Food

    On average, Canadians spend between $200 and $300 per person each month on groceries. Supermarkets have sales on various items all the time, and you will probably receive many flyers and coupons in your mailbox.
    Farmers' markets are not very common in Canada, but a great variety of fresh fruits and vegetables are available year-round. Seasonal produce will cost less and have better flavour so take advantage of it while it lasts. Organic foods tend to be significantly more expensive and are usually sold in specialty stores or in special aisles at regular stores. In a big city, it is very likely that you will find at least one store or restaurant that caters to your ethnic community. Dining out will definitely increase your food bill. Take some time to know your city before you start sampling the local restaurants.
    Big Canadian cities have countless eating establishments, from fast food chains to fine dining, which can be very tempting, but it is a good idea to save restaurant outings for special occasions as they can get pricey and often are full of high-calorie, high-fat options.

  • 3. Tipping

    In Canada, it is customary to tip 15 to 25 percent on the bill for a variety of services. You do not have to do it, but the social pressure exists, and most people do tip. You may want to budget for it.
    Professional categories that usually receive tips include: waiters, bartenders, hotel valets, room attendants, manicurists, hairdressers, beauticians, cab drivers, parking valets, bellhops, and porters.
    It is not customary to tip retail associates or clerks, and you should never attempt to tip doctors, nurses, police, or people who work in public institutions. If you want to express your gratitude toward medical staff or public institution staff, you can simply send a "thank you" card.

  • 4. Clothing 

    Your clothing expenses will depend greatly on your personal taste and standards. Still, you should know that Canadians tend to favour casual styles and do not tend to judge people by the labels they wear or by the value of their attire.If saving money is your number one priority, you can definitely find clothing items for less than $10 and footwear for less than $30, especially in the discount bins at some stores. Avoid trendy shopping locations, and hunt for clearance sales as much as possible. You may also want to give thrift stores (i.e. secondhand stores) a chance.If you have many valuable clothes and accessories (e.g. designer items) at home in your country of origin that will not fit into your luggage, it would be a good idea to pack them and have your family or friends ship them to you later. You don't know how long it will be until you can afford to do high-end shopping again, so why not make the most of what you already own?Since you will be job hunting, you should know that the standard interview style in Canada is smart-casual (e.g. dress pants or skirt, and a buttoned shirt or a simple blouse, and blazer). Very few employers expect you to come to the interview in an elegant three-piece suit. Bring with you the things you will most, and save the elegant outfits for later.

  • 5. Furniture

    As with clothes, prices on furniture differ greatly from store to store. Beds and couches are particularly expensive so it may not be possible for you to buy new as soon as you get here. You can find used furniture at great prices at garage sales and thrift stores, or on websites such as Craigslist or Kijiji.
    Another option is to contact your local immigrant community centre or church to see if they have any available donations.
    Obviously, finding suitable furniture takes a bit of time, you will not be able to get it all as soon as you move into your home. Many immigrants choose to sleep on inflatable mattresses (which cost between $30 and $150) for a short while, until they learn what their options are.

  • 6. Appliances and Electronics

    If you bring appliances and/or electronics from your country of origin, you may need to buy some adapters. Note that Canada uses 110 volts.
    You can find basic appliances at very good prices. Some big stores carry small household appliances for less than $20 (e.g. toasters, mixers, blenders, coffeemakers, hair dryers, clothes irons), and larger ones for less than $70 (e.g. microwaves, vacuum cleaners).
    Plasma or flat-screen television sets can cost anywhere from $200 to more than $2,000, depending on the size and brand. Classic television sets cost considerably less.
    Laptops and desktop computers for average use can be quite expensive (from $500 to $1,300), but, if possible, it would be best to invest in one. Your job search will be highly dependent on the Internet, and you will also need it to find useful information fast (e.g. maps, routes, phone numbers, and services) and to keep in touch with your loved ones at home. By using Skype on your computer you can save hundreds of dollars on long-distance bills!
    Multifunctional printers for home use can cost from $60 to more than $200. Employment centres usually offer free printing services to their clients (including basic business cards), and you will definitely have to print many resumes. Paying for copying, scanning, and printing is expensive so take advantage of any free services you can get, or buy your own printer.
    When you buy electronics, dealers will try to sell you an extended warranty plan (for one or two years). The cost of this plan is usually 10 percent of the item cost. It is up to you to decide if you want it or not, but remember that each item has a manufacturer warranty that is included in the price. The advantage of the extended warranty plan is that you can take your item back to the store in case it breaks (instead of sending it to the manufacturer), and the store will fix it or give you a new one. The disadvantage is that you may not need it at all (e.g. few computers break in less than a year), or if you believe in "Murphy's Law," your item can break the day after your warranty expires. Savvy shoppers usually consider extended warranties to be unnecessary.
    You will, most likely, have to purchase a Canadian cell phone. Some Canadian cell phones have SIM cards, some do not. Most cell phone carriers offer some phones for free or at a considerable discount if you sign up for a two- or three-year plan. If you find their offers confusing, you could simply buy a less expensive cell phone and prepaid airtime until you feel confident enough to commit to a contract. A cell phone plan costs around $40 per month, but you can also buy prepaid credit for as little as $10. You can choose the plan that is best for your needs. You can purchase inexpensive long-distance phone plans from specialized companies to make it easier to keep in touch with your loved ones at home.
    Phone and Internet costs are, on average, $40 a month. Employment centres usually provide free Internet access, but it is a good idea to get your home connection because you will use the Internet extensively in your job search.
    Basic cable costs around $30 to $40. For specialty channels, you will have to pay extra.

  • 7. Transportation

    Public transit is very good in most Canadian cities. Vancouver, Toronto, Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, and Ottawa have rapid transit train systems.
    During your first months in Canada, you will have to travel a lot so it would be best to purchase a monthly bus pass and not worry about always having exact change for a bus ticket. A monthly bus pass can cost between $70 and $150 depending on the areas it covers. An individual ticket can cost between $2.50 and $3.75. Transit companies offer discounts for children, students, and seniors 65 years or older.
    Some newcomers decide to buy a vehicle, especially if they have small children. The law states that all vehicles must be insured so you must also take into account the insurance costs. Gas costs range from $1.15 to $1.50 per litre. If you are confident in your technical knowledge, you can buy a used vehicle directly from the vendor or through a used vehicle dealership.
    Renting a car is expensive and it is best to save that for special situations. If you choose to rent, you are looking at a minimum of $900 per month.
    Taxi services in Canada charge between $1 and $2 per kilometre, with a starting price of at least $3. 

  • 8. Health Care

    As mentioned in the previous chapter, newcomers have to wait three months before they can get health insurance in several provinces. If you wish to be covered during these initial three months, you need to purchase insurance from a private company.
    Once you're eligible for public health care, you may be faced with paying a monthly premium, depending on your province or territory. The costs of these public health-care premiums depend on the area you choose and the size of your family.
    Dental care is very expensive in Canada. Dental insurance plans can be purchased from private companies and some employers offer dental plans to their employees. It is not covered by Canada's public health-care system. Other areas that are not covered in full or in part include optometry, chiropractic, physiotherapy, and psychological counselling.

  • 9. Entertainment

    The price of a ticket for a show, festival, concert or sports match depend on the type of the event and the seating, going from less than $10 to hundreds of dollars. Movie tickets cost between $7 to $15. Local libraries lend DVDs and CDs at no cost, and there are also many community theatres that provide free performances.

  • 10. Other Expenses

    Alcohol and cigarettes are expensive because the taxes on such items are very high. It is illegal to order cigarettes from other countries.
    Postage within Canada, for a simple letter, is $0.85. International postage costs $2.50. Every January, stamp prices slightly increase. International parcels can be quite expensive depending on the size and mailing option.
    The monthly cost of personal care and cleaning supplies should not be more than $30 per person, but this also depends on your personal preferences. Supermarkets have store brands of acceptable quality (many are just as good as big brand products), and there are also dollar stores where you can find a myriad of small household and personal-care items.
    A simple haircut costs around $25 to $30 for men and somewhat higher for women.
    Apartment buildings usually have laundry rooms, and you will be charged for each wash from $2.50 to $4. You can use coins or a laundry card that you will get from the building receptionist and that you can charge from your debit or credit card.

  • 11. Taxes

    When you get a job, the money deducted from your paycheque will be around 25 to 35 percent. This money is used to pay for things such as Employment Insurance (EI), pension plans, income taxes, and union dues (if applicable). The percentage may be higher than what you are accustomed to, but remember that Canadians enjoy a higher living standard, and such a standard needs to be supported by taxpayers.
    Most goods and services you buy also have added sales taxes.
    These are the Goods and Services Tax (GST) and Provincial Sales Tax (PST). The GST is 5 percent, and the PST is between 7 and 10 percent, depending on the province.
    Ontario, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Nova Scotia have a Harmonized Sales Tax (HST), which means they combine the GST and PST into one tax. BC has transitioned back from a recent change to HST.
    Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Alberta do not have a Provincial Sales Tax.

Settling In

Immigrating in search of a better life is a very brave decision. It shows that you are a person of action and a risk-taker and that you can take your life in your hands and change it to whatever you want it to be.
Many of those you leave behind will admire or envy your courage, and expect you to send them good news about your success very soon. Maybe you imagine the same thing: That your life will come together as soon as you set foot in the country of your dreams. Usually, all the focus and energy goes to the actual immigration process and moving preparation such as raising money, gathering the paperwork, selling properties, packing, and searching for convenient airfares. All is concentrated around the idea of the big leap.
Immigrating may be the big leap, but going through the first year after arriving to Canada is the big challenge. Unless you are among the very few who have immigrated more than once, you are in for an experience incomparable with anything you have ever dealt with before. You should embrace this experience, but also be prepared for the pitfalls of starting over in a new country.

  • 1. An Emotional Journey

    There are various stages of emotions that you will go through as you settle in Canada. The following sections will describe those stages and what you can do to combat the negativity.
    Of course, not everybody experiences all these stages, or they don't happen in the same order. Nevertheless, you will feel the weight of this great challenge and you need to be prepared to deal with it.

  • 1.1 The first stage

    The initial stage after landing in Canada is often referred to as the "honeymoon phase." For the first month or so, many newcomers are still in "visitor mode"; they feel like tourists on holiday, exploring and enjoying all the interesting aspects of the new culture. Try to make the best out of this phase because you will need that infusion of optimism to help you cope with the actual adjustment.

  • 1.2 The second stage

    The second stage is usually full of extreme emotions, doubts, anxieties, homesickness, loneliness, and frustration. If you have language difficulties and few ties to your ethnic community, you may experience a deep feeling of isolation. You may also be tempted to compare Canada to your home country and point out everything you feel was better back home. To help you cope with your anxiety and confusion the following section will help you deal with these negative feelings.

  • 1.2a Reach out

    If you don't know anyone in Canada, go to an immigrant services organization or community centre. When you arrive at the airport, the immigration officer will give you a booklet with useful contacts, in which you will find all the addresses of the cultural community centres in your area.

  • 1.2b Avoid comparisons

    While it's very normal to miss home, realize that Canada will never be exactly like the country you left behind. Some of the good things you had at home may not be available here; no country is perfect. Focus on the positives.

  • 1.2c Manage your budget carefully

    Shrinking savings are one of the major sources of panic for new immigrants. Avoid overspending in order to preserve your sense of security for as long as possible. Also, do not fall into the common trap of constantly comparing Canadian prices with the prices in your home country. "Back home this costs a lot less" - such a mindset can only put you in a pessimistic mood.

  • 1.2d Get involved

    The best way to forget about your problems is to devote yourself to others. Volunteer at an organization or a cause that you feel could use your skills and knowledge. You will make friends, gain a sense of community, and learn new things. In Canada, volunteering counts as work experience that you can add to your resume.

  • 1.2e Enjoy diversity

    Few countries offer such a high level of diversity as Canada. There are plenty of ethnic festivals, restaurants, shops, and cultural centres where you can take part. In addition, you may discover that your culture has surprising similarities with other cultures from opposite ends of the world.

  • 1.2f Keep your expectations realistic

    Success won't happen overnight. It is very unlikely that you will easily find a job that matches the status you had in your home country. It's no piece of cake even for Canadian-born citizens to reach a higher professional level. Accept that it takes time and that you may have to start low and work your way up.
    All this being said, it is still normal to feel confused and scared occasionally. Acknowledge your feelings, but don't let them overwhelm you.

  • 1.3 The third stage

    The next stage of adapting to Canada is characterized by a higher level of confidence and comfort. You've probably made some friends, learned more about the job-search process, improved your language skills, discovered the best places to shop, and visited a few places; in other words, you start to feel more like you belong.

  • 1.4 The fourth stage

    Finally, things may not yet be where you want them to be, one of acceptance and contentment, but they are going in the right direction. You feel like you've started to build a life in Canada, and you develop a sense of attachment to certain places, values, or cultural aspects.

  • 2. Canadian Culture and Expectations

    By the time you get through these typical stages of settlement in Canada, you will have a much better understanding of Canadian culture and expectations. The following sections are a few important ones to note.

  • 2.1 Dressing appropriately

    Try to dress smart when going to job interviews or in the workplace. This doesn't necessarily mean a suit and tie, but you need to look polished. It is preferable to save ethnic wear for special occasions, or when you are at home or in your ethnic community.
    Grooming well is also very important. Food and bodily odours can hinder your adaptation considerably.
    One aspect that some foreigners find strange is that many places in Canada have a scent-free policy, meaning that they do not allow strong perfumes or colognes. This is because they can cause severe migraines and allergies for some people so it is best to avoid strong scents in the workplace or when going to classes or workshops. Also note many hospitals and medical clinics have adopted the scent-free policy. 

  • 2.2 Behaving politely

    Canadians are known for being very polite and friendly. Smile and make eye contact when you talk to people. Handshakes should be short and firm. Kissing on the cheek is not customary in Canada, nor is kissing a woman's hand as a greeting.
    Be friendly to people, but also be aware that relationships may be very different from those in your home country. Some countries have close-knit communities, while others place more value on privacy and discretion (especially in big cities).
    "Thank you," "please," and "excuse me" are keywords when interacting with Canadians.
    It is usually not acceptable to ask people you don't know well about their religion, political views, sexual morals, or financial problems. You don't want to come off as nosy or, worse, judgmental.

  • 2.3 Respecting diversity

    Many immigrants come from monoethnic cultures, but Canada is the exact opposite of that. People of all races, ethnicities, and creeds live here, so it's important to find ways to coexist in peace.
    Do not pressure people to share aspects of their ethnicity or religion, no matter how curious you are. You may ask a polite question, but, if you see any reluctance, do not insist.
    Also, avoid the common assumption that all visible minorities are foreign. Many have been here for generations and identify simply as Canadian. Do not ask questions like "Where are you from?" based solely on a person's race.

  • 2.4 Women's issues

    For women, adapting to life in Canada often involves worries about parenting, child care, and gender roles. There are special programs aimed at helping immigrant women adjust. Many of these programs offer free child care during their workshops and seminars. Whether you are married or a single woman, you can use such opportunities to make female friends who share your interests and can offer emotional support.
    Canadian law supports equality between men and women, and protects women and children from domestic abuse. It is important to know your rights and the appropriate resources, such as women's shelters or support groups.
    In the workplace, you are entitled to the same respect as your male colleagues. Sexual discrimination and sexual harassment are not acceptable and constitute serious offences in Canada.

  • 2.5 Men's issues

    For men, the biggest gender-related pressures come from the feeling of failure to provide for the family adequately in Canada, and sometimes from re-evaluating gender roles. Men are more likely to blame themselves for professional and financial hardships. If you have been the sole or main provider for your family in your home country, the pressure can be enormous.
    While you take the necessary steps to adjust to a new and different labour market, try to see the silver lining: You have more time to spend with your family. Like everybody else, Canadians work hard and often wish they had more time to dedicate to family life. Take advantage of your free time and do the family activities you never had the chance to do back when you were working.
    The egalitarian view on gender can sometimes be a source of confusion for new immigrants, but this is one aspect of Canadian society that is not negotiable. Women have the same rights as men, and they are protected from physical and emotional abuse by very strict laws.
    Women bosses and work colleagues are respected in the same way as their male counterparts. It is not acceptable to make sexual or discriminatory remarks in the workplace; this can (and usually does) result in termination of the work contract.

  • 2.6 Parenting issues

    Immigrant children have their own obstacles to overcome. It is usually traumatic for children to be separated from their friends and schoolmates, sometimes from a boyfriend or girlfriend, and this can cause a lot of family drama at first.
    The good news is that children are always the first to adapt. We are most flexible when we are young, and, before you know it, they will make new friends and start enjoying their life in Canada.
    However, parents have to pay attention to their children's behaviour and mood, especially in the first months at a new school. Encourage your child to open up to you and tell you about any incidents of bullying, discrimination, and racism so that you can take the appropriate measures.
    If your child is experiencing bullying, you should never try to take things into your own hands. Hitting or threatening another child can get you into serious trouble. Have a meeting with the school principal, or talk to the parents of the bully and ask them to put a stop to the child's behaviour.
    Immigrant teenagers can have a hard time adapting, too. Worries about body image, clothing, and dating will be bigger than usual when moving to a new country. Encourage your teenagers to attend extracurricular activities such as joining different clubs or volunteering, in order for them to meet other youth and keep themselves busy. Also, taking a part-time job could give them a healthy sense of independence and control.

  • 2.7 Seniors' issues

    Seniors often immigrate to Canada when they already have children here, usually to give them a hand in raising their family. It is much harder for them to adjust; common issues are a sense of dependence on their children, loneliness, and language difficulties.
    If you are a senior immigrant, it is beneficial for you to get out of the house and socialize. There are senior centres that offer all sorts of entertaining activities, which are a good opportunity to practice English or French. Settlement organizations also offer special services and guidance for seniors. 
    Avoid restricting your contacts to your ethnic community. Even if it is hard to get over the language barrier, meeting seniors from other cultures could open up new horizons for you. Learn about a new cuisine or craft, communicate with other grandparents when you take your grandchildren to the park, or take language classes. 

  • 2.8 Singles' issues

    Being alone in a new country can be an overwhelming experience. Depression and loneliness are often experienced by the ones who come on their own, especially if they are alone during a birthday, a holiday, or another special occasion.
    As always, the answer is to start socializing as soon as possible. Go to a community centre, volunteer, attend a job-hunting workshop, and look for people your age with whom you have things in common. Getting a roommate is a good way to feel less lonely and reducing your living expenses.
    Dating in Canada may be different than what you know from your home country. Before looking for love, notice the societal norms when it comes to romance and sexuality. Wait until you build a support system of friends and acquaintances to avoid getting involved in a codependent relationship simply out of loneliness.
    If you feel overwhelmed and depressed by the challenges of adapting to your new life, ask your family doctor to recommend the best ways to access mental health support. Regardless of what you may have learned in your home country, be reassured that it is in no way shameful to attend therapy in Canada.

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